http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1507 Tue, 14 Apr 2026 23:13:13 GMT 2026-04-14T23:13:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6715 Traditional methods of pest management in shifting cultivation after bamboo flowering in North-East India: Experience of Tamenglong District of Manipur Rongmei, Lunghim North East India is a landlocked region where hill, mountain and plateau account for72% which is cover by difference types of tropical and deciduous forests and bamboo. These forests are the main source for a large number of hill tribes of North East India where they can practise shifting cultivation for their subsistence. An estimated of 4, 43,336 families depend their livelihood on jhum cultivation and clear a forest area of 3,869 square kilometres every year. But the region has suffered from famine when the gregarious flowering of bamboo due to heavy damage to the crops in the jhum fields by the outbreak of rat population. Despite of employing a number of scientific methods to control the rat swam, Tamenglong district of Manipur has suffered from rat flood till today. Hence the present paper is attempted to reconstruct the traditional knowledge of pest management after bamboo flowering by using snow -balling method of sampling 3p:, ill. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6715 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6714 The linguistic impact of parenthetical expressions: A study of the suns of independence of Ahmadou Kourouma Kodah, Mawuloe Koffi This paper examines the use and linguistic impact of parenthetical expressions in The Suns of Independence of Ahmadou Kourouma, a renowned francophone African writer from the Ivory Coast. One of the remarkable features in the writings of Kourouma is the rate at which he uses some forms of syntactic structures which are embedded in main clauses but do not contribute to their immediate meaning. These are the types of syntactic structures we refer to as parenthetical expressions. The study identifies and analyses the various forms of parenthetical expressions in use in the novel. The objective of this identification and analysis is to establish the linguistic impact of their use and relevance to social discourse. It also helps to determine their contribution to meaning in a bilingual or multilingual, polyphonic discourse situations such as what we find in this novel of Kourouma The study is conducted on the basis of data collected on the phenomenon from the novel and examined through the theoretical frameworks of critical discourse analysis and literary reflections. It establishes that much as parenthetical expressions do not partake in the truth-conditions of the sentences in which they appear, they contribute substantially to the global understanding and interpretation of their meanings. The paper consequently concludes that parenthetical expressions as used in The Suns of Independence are peculiarities of oral speech which have found their ways into written text. They help to create an atmosphere of linguistic reality as they reaffirm the conversational and humorous tone of the text. They also enhance the understanding of implied sociolinguistic and cultural meanings of the series of events that make the stories in the novel. As such, they contribute to the stylistic exploit of Kourouma as a renowned novelist in African literature 5p:, ill. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6714 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6713 The language of a child-soldier-narrator as the voice of truth: A critical study of Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah n’est pas obligé Kodah, Mawuloe Koffi One major characteristic of the artistry of Ahmadou Kourouma as a renowned African novelist is his linguistic dexterity. In an attempt to realise the didactic function of literary works, Kourouma creates rare harmony between fiction and reality through a language that is generally representative of the socio-cultural background of the characters and the thematic orientation of his novels. Kourouma’s characters are therefore always equipped with a language that reflects the socio-cultural and historical realities of the setting in which they evolve in the novels. This study focuses on Birahima, the twelve years old child-soldier, narrator of the story of Allah n’est pas obligé, the last novel of Kourouma published in his life time in 2000, barely three years before his death in Lyon (France) in December 2003. Through a combination of the theories of utilitarianism, superiority and realism, the study critically examines the language of this child-soldier narrator in relation to the historical realities which inform the background of the story in the novel. The study reveals that the choice of the child-soldier helps the novelist to expose the crude reality of a senseless fratricidal war in Liberian. That is, defying all diplomacy, all social taboos, all linguistic norms, Kourouma’s child-soldier-narrator lays bare the unbridled truth of the atrocities and carnage that characterized the Liberian civil war and thus puts to shame the perpetrators. Combining subtle naivety with humour and sarcasm, Kourouma employs the child-soldier-narrator’s language to satirize the architects of civil strife and armed conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone 10p:, ill. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6713 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6712 The Ewe in West Africa: One cultural people in two different countries (Togo/Ghana) 1884-1960 Gunn, Jean-Philippe The Ewe in West africa are a people who live actually across three countries. But before the colonization they were living in their own territory without any artificial borders. During the precolonial period, the Ewe have been in contact with different Europeans countries and through theses contacts and relations, some foreign european words introduced the local language and point out a new style in the linguistic called pidjin language, a mix of European language with African ones. The aim of this paper is to study the evolution of the Ewe language but also the dynamism that appearedin the social life of the Ewe people with the introtuction of foreign language like English. To achieve this goal, this research will be based on a specific sociolinguistic literature related to the question but also other historical researches and analyzes. The results of this paper were presented in four stages. The first part will focus on the point of view of scholars about the question, the second aspect will talk about the relation between the African language and the European language before the colonialization. The third aspect of the results will be based on the opposition of the European language and the Ewe language. The last aspect of this paper will present the new challenge of the Ewe and their language during the colonial period 12p:, ill. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6712 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z